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This study requires seriously heavy lifting in the science department, as evidenced by the caption to Figure 6 alone. Which, if I read it properly, clearly shows that EXERCISE IS AWESOME. I think. It's sorta technical. -D
Impact of Exercise on Immunometabolism in Multiple Sclerosis
by
Remsha Afzal
,
Jennifer K Dowling and Claire E McCoy *
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(9), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093038
Received: 24 August 2020 / Revised: 15 September 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 / Published: 21 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Multiple Sclerosis)
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Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition characterized by demyelinating lesions and axonal degradation. Even though the cause of MS is heterogeneous, it is known that peripheral immune invasion in the central nervous system (CNS) drives pathology at least in the most common form of MS, relapse-remitting MS (RRMS). The more progressive forms’ mechanisms of action remain more elusive yet an innate immune dysfunction combined with neurodegeneration are likely drivers.
Recently, increasing studies have focused on the influence of metabolism in regulating immune cell function. In this regard, exercise has long been known to regulate metabolism, and has emerged as a promising therapy for management of autoimmune disorders. Hence, in this review, we inspect the role of key immunometabolic pathways specifically dysregulated in MS and highlight potential therapeutic benefits of exercise in modulating those pathways to harness an anti-inflammatory state. Finally, we touch upon current challenges and future directions for the field of exercise and immunometabolism in MS.
Full text (FREE):
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/9/3038/htm
Figure 6. Impact of exercise on immune-inflammatory response and metabolic function. Regular aerobic/endurance exercise has shown to induce a tolerogenic glucose state, which is associated with a state of immunomodulation through changes in amino acid metabolism (e.g., increased kyunrenic acid and glutamate oxidation) and nutrient sensor pathways (increased AMPK:mTOR ratio). This induces increases mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative respiration at the mitochondria at least partly through increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and decreased fatty acid synthesis (FAS). This impacts on various organs and cells, including (1) higher myokine IL-6 secretion by skeletal muscle tissue; (2) Decreased proinflammatory macrophage and effector T cell number and cytotoxic activity; (3) Decreased ROS and proinflammatory cytokine production by innate immune cells, as well as an increased antioxidant response; (4) increase in Treg number and function; (5) decrease in leptin secretion (likely due to reduced fat mass) and increase in adiponectin secretion, and lower proinflammatory M1-like macrophage infiltration.
Impact of Exercise on Immunometabolism in Multiple Sclerosis
by
Remsha Afzal,Jennifer K Dowling and Claire E McCoy *School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(9), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093038
Received: 24 August 2020 / Revised: 15 September 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 / Published: 21 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Multiple Sclerosis)
Download PDF
Browse Figures
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition characterized by demyelinating lesions and axonal degradation. Even though the cause of MS is heterogeneous, it is known that peripheral immune invasion in the central nervous system (CNS) drives pathology at least in the most common form of MS, relapse-remitting MS (RRMS). The more progressive forms’ mechanisms of action remain more elusive yet an innate immune dysfunction combined with neurodegeneration are likely drivers.
Recently, increasing studies have focused on the influence of metabolism in regulating immune cell function. In this regard, exercise has long been known to regulate metabolism, and has emerged as a promising therapy for management of autoimmune disorders. Hence, in this review, we inspect the role of key immunometabolic pathways specifically dysregulated in MS and highlight potential therapeutic benefits of exercise in modulating those pathways to harness an anti-inflammatory state. Finally, we touch upon current challenges and future directions for the field of exercise and immunometabolism in MS.
Full text (FREE):
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/9/3038/htm
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